techniques that enhance how we create, analyze, and use maps. New cartographic techniques include the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for dynamic spatial analysis, Remote Sensing for real-time data collection, and Web Mapping for interactive, online maps. Techniques like 3D visualization, drone mapping, and augmented reality (AR) mapping allow for more realistic and immersive representations of space. Additionally, AI and machine learning are now being used to automate map generation and improve accuracy. These developments have made cartography more accessible, precise, and adaptable to various fields like urban planning, disaster management, tourism, and environmental monitoring.